Pakistan-India nuclear war could kill 100 million

WASHINGTON: The year is 2025 and a war erupts between Pakistan and India after severe clashes on the Line of Control (LoC). New Delhi retaliates by sending tanks into Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK).nnFearing it will be overrun; Pakistan hits the invading forces with its battlefield nuclear weapons, triggering the deadliest conflict in history ? and catastrophic global cooling, with temperatures not seen since the last Ice Age.nnThis scenario was modelled by researchers in a new paper published on Wednesday, which envisaged more than 100 million immediate deaths, followed by global mass starvation after megatonnes of thick black soot block out sunlight for up to a decade.nnIt comes at a time of renewed tensions between the two South Asian rivals, which have fought several wars over Indian-occupied Kashmir (IOK) and are rapidly building up their atomic arsenals.nnThey currently each have about 150 nuclear warheads at their disposal, with the number expected to climb to more than 200 by 2025.nn?Unfortunately it?s timely because India and Pakistan remain in conflict over Kashmir [IOK], and every month or so you can read about people dying along the border,? said Alan Robock, a professor in environmental sciences at Rutgers University, who co-authored the paper in Science Advances.nnIndia?s Prime Minister Narendra Modi scrapped the autonomy of IOK in August, with his Pakistani counterpart Imran Khan warning the United Nations last week the dispute could escalate into nuclear war.nnThe two countries last fought a border conflict in February, but they pulled back from the brink after Pakistan returned a downed pilot to India.nIndia has a ?no first strike? policy but reserves the right to mount a nuclear response to any hit by weapons of mass destruction.nnPakistan has declared it would only use nuclear weapons if it could not stop an invasion by conventional means or were attacked first with nuclear weapons.nnThe authors wrote that although their scenario had Pakistan pulling the trigger first, they did not mean to imply they believed this was more likely.nBased on their current populations and the urban centres that would be likely targeted, the researchers estimated up to 125 million could be killed if both countries expended the bulk of their highest yield weapons.nnAround 75-80 million people were killed in World War II.nnThis most extreme scenario would involve the use of 100 kilotonne weapons, more than six times as powerful as the bombs dropped on Hiroshima.nnA single airburst from such a bomb could kill two million people and injure 1.5 million ? but most of the deaths would occur from the raging firestorms that followed the blast.nn?India would suffer two to three times more fatalities and casualties than Pakistan because, in our scenario, Pakistan uses more weapons than India and because India has a much larger population and more densely populated cities,? the paper said.nnAs a percentage of its urban population, though, Pakistan?s losses would be about twice those of India.nnBut nuclear Armageddon would be only the beginning.nnThe research found that the firestorms could release 16 million to 36 million tonnes of soot (black carbon) into the upper atmosphere, spreading around the world within weeks.nnThe soot, in turn, would absorb solar radiation, heating the air up and boosting the smoke?s rise.nnSunlight reaching the Earth would decline 20 to 35 per cent, cooling the surface by 3.6 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 5 degrees Celsius) and reducing precipitation by 15 to 30 per cent.nnWorldwide food shortages would follow, with the effects persisting up to 10 years.nn?I hope our work will make people realize you can?t use nuclear weapons, they are weapons of mass genocide,? said Robock, adding the paper lent more evidence to support the 2017 UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.nnJohann Chacko, a columnist for Quartz India and doctoral student at SOAS in London, said the work ?helps the global community evaluate the cost of nuclear war for everyone, not just the combatant nations,? particularly its climatic impacts.nnBut, he added: ?There?s very little in the history of Indo-Pakistan kinetic conflict to suggest that leadership on either side would continue escalating until they annihilated the other.?nnSource: AFP